DNA

Problem to Solve

DNA, the carrier of genetic information in living things, has been used in criminal justice for decades. But how, exactly, does DNA profiling work? Given a sequence of DNA, how can forensic investigators identify to whom it belongs?

In a file called dna.py in a folder called dna, implement a program that identifies to whom a sequence of DNA belongs.

Demo

Distribution Code

For this problem, you’ll extend the functionality of code provided to you by CS50’s staff.

Download the distribution code

Log into cs50.dev, click on your terminal window, and execute cd by itself. You should find that your terminal window’s prompt resembles the below:

Next execute

wget https://cdn.cs50.net/2024/fall/psets/6/dna.zip

in order to download a ZIP called dna.zip into your codespace.

Then execute

unzip dna.zip

to create a folder called dna. You no longer need the ZIP file, so you can execute

rm dna.zip

and respond with “y” followed by Enter at the prompt to remove the ZIP file you downloaded.

Now type

cd dna

followed by Enter to move yourself into (i.e., open) that directory. Your prompt should now resemble the below.

dna/ $

Execute ls by itself, and you should see a few files and folders:

databases/ dna.py sequences/

If you run into any trouble, follow these same steps again and see if you can determine where you went wrong!

Background

DNA is really just a sequence of molecules called nucleotides, arranged into a particular shape (a double helix). Every human cell has billions of nucleotides arranged in sequence. Each nucleotide of DNA contains one of four different bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T). Some portions of this sequence (i.e., genome) are the same, or at least very similar, across almost all humans, but other portions of the sequence have a higher genetic diversity and thus vary more across the population.

One place where DNA tends to have high genetic diversity is in Short Tandem Repeats (STRs). An STR is a short sequence of DNA bases that tends to repeat consecutively numerous times at specific locations inside of a person’s DNA. The number of times any particular STR repeats varies a lot among individuals. In the DNA samples below, for example, Alice has the STR AGAT repeated four times in her DNA, while Bob has the same STR repeated five times.

Sample STRs

Using multiple STRs, rather than just one, can improve the accuracy of DNA profiling. If the probability that two people have the same number of repeats for a single STR is 5%, and the analyst looks at 10 different STRs, then the probability that two DNA samples match purely by chance is about 1 in 1 quadrillion (assuming all STRs are independent of each other). So if two DNA samples match in the number of repeats for each of the STRs, the analyst can be pretty confident they came from the same person. CODIS, the FBI’s DNA database, uses 20 different STRs as part of its DNA profiling process.

What might such a DNA database look like? Well, in its simplest form, you could imagine formatting a DNA database as a CSV file, wherein each row corresponds to an individual, and each column corresponds to a particular STR.

name,AGAT,AATG,TATC
Alice,28,42,14
Bob,17,22,19
Charlie,36,18,25

The data in the above file would suggest that Alice has the sequence AGAT repeated 28 times consecutively somewhere in her DNA, the sequence AATG repeated 42 times, and TATC repeated 14 times. Bob, meanwhile, has those same three STRs repeated 17 times, 22 times, and 19 times, respectively. And Charlie has those same three STRs repeated 36, 18, and 25 times, respectively.

So given a sequence of DNA, how might you identify to whom it belongs? Well, imagine that you looked through the DNA sequence for the longest consecutive sequence of repeated AGATs and found that the longest sequence was 17 repeats long. If you then found that the longest sequence of AATG is 22 repeats long, and the longest sequence of TATC is 19 repeats long, that would provide pretty good evidence that the DNA was Bob’s. Of course, it’s also possible that once you take the counts for each of the STRs, it doesn’t match anyone in your DNA database, in which case you have no match.

In practice, since analysts know on which chromosome and at which location in the DNA an STR will be found, they can localize their search to just a narrow section of DNA. But we’ll ignore that detail for this problem.

Your task is to write a program that will take a sequence of DNA and a CSV file containing STR counts for a list of individuals and then output to whom the DNA (most likely) belongs.

Specification

The program should require as its first command-line argument the name of a CSV file containing the STR counts for a list of individuals and should require as its second command-line argument the name of a text file containing the DNA sequence to identify.
- If your program is executed with the incorrect number of command-line arguments, your program should print an error message of your choice (with print). If the correct number of arguments are provided, you may assume that the first argument is indeed the filename of a valid CSV file and that the second argument is the filename of a valid text file.
Your program should open the CSV file and read its contents into memory.
- You may assume that the first row of the CSV file will be the column names. The first column will be the word name and the remaining columns will be the STR sequences themselves.
Your program should open the DNA sequence and read its contents into memory.
For each of the STRs (from the first line of the CSV file), your program should compute the longest run of consecutive repeats of the STR in the DNA sequence to identify. Notice that we’ve defined a helper function for you, longest_match, which will do just that!
If the STR counts match exactly with any of the individuals in the CSV file, your program should print out the name of the matching individual.
- You may assume that the STR counts will not match more than one individual.
- If the STR counts do not match exactly with any of the individuals in the CSV file, your program should print No match.

Hints

You may find Python’s csv module helpful for reading CSV files into memory. Of particular help might be csv.DictReader.
- For instance, if a file like foo.csv has a header row, wherein each string is the name of some field, here’s how you might print those fieldnames as a list:
```
import csv

with open("foo.csv") as file:
    reader = csv.DictReader(file)
    print(reader.fieldnames)
```
- And here’s how you read all of the (other) rows from a CSV into a list, wherein each element is a dict that represents that row:
```
import csv

rows = []
with open("foo.csv") as file:
    reader = csv.DictReader(file)
    for row in reader:
        rows.append(row)
```
The open and read functions might also prove useful for reading text files into memory.
Consider what data structures might be helpful for keeping tracking of information in your program. A list or a dict may prove useful.
Remember we’ve defined a function (longest_match) that, given both a DNA sequence and an STR as inputs, returns the maximum number of times that the STR repeats. You can then use that function in other parts of your program!

Walkthrough

How to Test

While check50 is available for this problem, you’re encouraged to first test your code on your own for each of the following.

Run your program as python dna.py databases/small.csv sequences/1.txt. Your program should output Bob.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/small.csv sequences/2.txt. Your program should output No match.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/small.csv sequences/3.txt. Your program should output No match.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/small.csv sequences/4.txt. Your program should output Alice.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/5.txt. Your program should output Lavender.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/6.txt. Your program should output Luna.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/7.txt. Your program should output Ron.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/8.txt. Your program should output Ginny.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/9.txt. Your program should output Draco.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/10.txt. Your program should output Albus.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/11.txt. Your program should output Hermione.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/12.txt. Your program should output Lily.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/13.txt. Your program should output No match.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/14.txt. Your program should output Severus.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/15.txt. Your program should output Sirius.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/16.txt. Your program should output No match.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/17.txt. Your program should output Harry.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/18.txt. Your program should output No match.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/19.txt. Your program should output Fred.
Run your program as python dna.py databases/large.csv sequences/20.txt. Your program should output No match.

Correctness

check50 cs50/problems/2024/fall/dna

Style

style50 dna.py

How to Submit

Per Step 4 below, after you submit, be sure to check your autograder results. If you see SUBMISSION ERROR: missing files (0.0/1.0), it means your file was not named exactly as prescribed (or you uploaded it to the wrong problem).

Correctness in submissions entails everything from reading the specification, writing code that is compliant with it, and submitting files with the correct name. If you see this error, you should resubmit right away, making sure your submission is fully compliant with the specification. The staff will not adjust your filenames for you after the fact!

Download your dna.py file by control-clicking or right-clicking on the file in your codespace’s file browser and choosing Download.
Go to CS50’s Gradescope page.
Click Problem Set 6: DNA.
Drag and drop your dna.py file to the area that says Drag & Drop. Be sure it has that exact filename! If you upload a file with a different name, the autograder likely will fail when trying to run it. Ensuring you have uploaded files with the correct filename is your responsibility!
Click Upload.

You should see a message that says “Problem Set 6: DNA submitted successfully!”